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bleaching refining

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  • fat and oil processing — ▪ chemistry Introduction       method by which animal and plant substances are prepared for eating by humans.       The oil and fat products used for edible purposes can be divided into two distinct classes: liquid oils, such as olive oil, peanut …   Universalium

  • papermaking — [pā′pər māk΄iŋ] n. the making of paper papermaker n. * * * pa·per·mak·ing (pāʹpər mā kĭng) n. The process or craft of making paper.   paʹper·mak er n. * * * Introduction       formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibres,… …   Universalium

  • technology, history of — Introduction       the development over time of systematic techniques for making and doing things. The term technology, a combination of the Greek technē, “art, craft,” with logos, “word, speech,” meant in Greece a discourse on the arts, both… …   Universalium

  • chemical industry — Introduction       complex of processes, operations, and organizations engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and their derivatives.       Although the chemical industry may be described simply as the industry that uses chemistry and… …   Universalium

  • Pulp (paper) — Fibres in wood pulp Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fibre crops or waste paper. Wood pulp is the most common raw material in papermaking. Contents …   Wikipedia

  • Biodiesel production — is the act of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through either transesterification or alcoholysis. The process involves reacting vegetable oils or animal fats catalytically with a short chain aliphatic alcohols (typically methanol or… …   Wikipedia

  • Flour — For other uses, see Flour (disambiguation). A paper sack of wheat flour, with a metal measuring scoop. Flour is a powder which is made from grinding cereal grains, other seeds or roots (like Cassava). It is the main ingredient of bread, which is… …   Wikipedia

  • Black, Joseph — ▪ British scientist Introduction born April 16, 1728, Bordeaux, France died Nov. 10, 1799, Edinburgh, Scot.  British chemist and physicist best known for the rediscovery of “fixed air” ( carbon dioxide), the concept of latent heat, and the… …   Universalium

  • sugar — sugarless, adj. sugarlike, adj. /shoog euhr/, n. 1. a sweet, crystalline substance, C12H22O11, obtained chiefly from the juice of the sugarcane and the sugar beet, and present in sorghum, maple sap, etc.: used extensively as an ingredient and… …   Universalium

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • Wood pulp — is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up wood. Pulp can be either fluffy or formed into thick sheets. The latter form is used if the pulp must be transported from the pulp mill to a… …   Wikipedia

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